Medical professionals in Germany are obliged to pose diagnoses based on the criteria described in the International Classification System of Diseases, Version 10 ICD Cronbach's alpha index was calculated to assesses the internal consistency of the two measures.
The diagnoses were compared by implementing a Cohen's kappa, which indicates the diagnostic agreement between the two tests. P -values below 0.
Note that AUC quantifies how much a test score for a given cutoff is able to distinguish between depression and non-depression state in a subject. AUC ranges in value from 0 and 1. The sample consisted of 64 patients [22 female and 42 male, mean age: The mean age at PD onset was The descriptive statistics for the scores of both questionnaires are presented in Table 2. The agreement of diagnoses of the two questionnaires, measured by Cohen's kappa, was significant with a value of 0.
The agreement between a current diagnosis of depression in the medical history and the diagnosis of the BDI-II was significantly higher than chance with a Cohen's kappa of 0. The BDI-FS also agreed significantly more often than chance with a present diagnosis of depression, as indicated by a significant Cohen's kappa of 0. Figure 1. Our results indicate adequate psychometric properties. The agreement between both measures is significantly higher than chance with a value that can be classified as moderate Neitzer et al.
Regarding the rather high mean age of PD patients and potential deficits in language processing, the screening for depression should be kept at a minimum length 26 , With a short questionnaire, the resulting validity would not be compromised due to neuropsychological or motivational aspects. As indicated by the high correlation between the two measures, the BDI-FS is an acceptable alternative if time or cognitive resources are a relevant issue.
The BDI-FS deliberately omits the use of somatic items to avoid confounding effects by overlapping symptoms that may stem from a somatic disease rather than depression itself Regarding the spectrum of possible non-motor symptoms in PD, there is a multitude of symptoms that can also count as a somatic symptom of depression, e. Overall, as Figure 2 shows, the items addressing somatic symptoms, which can be found in the second half of the questionnaire, mostly scored higher than those addressing non-somatic items.
This suggests that somatic symptoms can lead to false positive results when the full version of the BDI-II is implemented. Figure 2. The y-axis depicts the mean scores and standard deviation on the individual items with scores ranging from 0 to 3. The items in the second half of the questionnaire address somatic symptoms and mostly received higher scores in our sample than the non-somatic items of the first half. Thus, we cannot guarantee the same results if the patients would have received the BDI-FS as a separate questionnaire.
Effects regarding item order and questionnaire length might be a relevant factor. One potential limitation of the present study is the selectivity of the sample.
Whether the results can be transferred to a general PD population, which also includes cognitively unimpaired or demented patients, remains to be scrutinized by future studies.
Furthermore, a moderate or more severe degree of depression was one of the exclusion criteria for the main study in order to prevent interactions between cognitive performance and psychopathology. Therefore, our results can only be transferred to milder forms of depressive states. The psychometric properties in more severe depressed patients are yet to be reviewed. Furthermore, patients with PD may present somatic symptoms that are not caused by depression, but they may present prototypical somatic symptoms of depression.
Not exploring these symptoms could cover up depressive symptoms present in patients, possibly leading to false negative results. Additional analysis of positive and negative predictive value should be addressed by further research. If a secure diagnosis is required, neither of the two questionnaires can replace a complete diagnostic procedure.
The diagnostic criteria should always be confirmed by a trained clinician in a semi structured interview to ensure no confounding effect of possible cognitive or somatic biases, to which depressed patients are particularly prone In the present study, the diagnoses of depression that were used for calculation of the diagnostic validity of the BDI-FS were derived from the patients' medical histories and reports, but no clinical semi structured interview was performed.
The questionnaires used are based on the latter. Although both ICD and DSM-V mostly rely on the same symptoms for the diagnosis of a depressive state, the criteria are not identical and the descriptions differ in wording.
These factors could account for the relatively low agreement values with the questionnaires, as we cannot guarantee for the validity of these diagnoses. To ensure maximum validity of the diagnostic criterion, future studies should include an assessment of depressive symptoms based on the DSM-V by a trained clinician as part of the procedure. Finally, to establish possible advantages or disadvantages of the BDI-FS, it can be compared to other frequently administered depression scales.
For instance, one test constructed for use in similar populations as the one examined in the present study is the Geriatric Depression Scale One possible aspect for future studies could lie on comparing its psychometric values to those of the BDI-FS, especially with regard to the different item formats dichotomous vs.
Likert scale. The agreement rates with a current diagnosis of depression are acceptable, although the diagnosis was not assessed as part of the study. Subcategories of Domains Assessed:. Age Range:. Measure Type:. Measure Format:. Number of Items:. Average Time to Complete min :. Reporter Type:. Average Time to Score min :. Response Format:. Materials Needed:. Information Provided:. Training to Administer:. Training to Interpret:.
Parallel Forms:. Alternate Forms:. Different Age Forms:. Altered Version Forms:. Alternative Forms Description:. The Beck Anxiety Inventory for Youth is for use with children aged Notes on Psychometric Norms:. Clinical Cutoffs Description:. References for Reliability:. References for Content Validity:. Construct Validity:. References for Construct Validity:. They included boys and girls aged who were inpatients at a Midwestern state psychiatric hospital. The comparison group included adolescents aged 14 to 18 from a universityaffiliated high school.
Both groups were predominantly White. BAI scores differentiated between the psychiatric and comparison groups in both boys and girls. Using confirmatory factor analysis they were unable to replicate the 2-factor structure found in other investigations and instead identified a 4-factor structure using exploratory factor analysis. Further analysis identified a higher-order factor structure, which suggested that the BAI taps a single anxiety construct they termed Anxious Arousal. They suggested the BAI may be a useful screener for anxiety but other measures would be needed to comprehensively assess for anxiety.
Principal factor analysis identified 2 factors, with a factor structure similar to what is found in adult outpatients. Jolly et al. Using principal factor analysis they found a similar factor structure as that previously found for adolescent inpatients and adult outpatients. Scales for both groups had good internal consistencies. They also found similar factor structures for both groups, providing evidence of factorial validity, Although they used the original BDI in this study, they suggested that results would generalize to the BDI-II given the overlap between the two.
They provided norms for the university students and separate norms for males and females because females scored higher than did males. They found good evidence of internal consistency, reliability, and convergent validity, and a similar factor structure as that found in English-speaking samples. They found good internal consistency and a factor structure similar to that found in English-speaking samples.
They compared results to those found in Lebanese and Canadian students and found similar internal consistencies. Arab students scored higher than Canadian students. They found similar factor structures in patient and nonpatient groups. Patient groups scored significantly higher than nonpatients. Criterion Validity:. References for Criterion Validity:. There is no known information pertaining to Sensitivity and Specificity.
Overall Psychometric Limitations:. In general, scoring is based on raw scores although there are T-scores and percentiles available based on Psych Corp's normal sample of community adults. Research suggests that norms are really needed by age and gender, given age and gender differences found across samples. The measure was developed without incorporating diverse populations. Translation Quality:. Turkish Yes Yes Yes Yes 9. Arabic Yes Swedish Yes. Population Used for Measure Development:.
Use with Diverse Populations:. Adolescents Yes Yes Yes Yes. This measure is a quick screening measure used to identify anxiety symptoms in individuals. The measure can either be self-reported or orally administered. The 21 questions are accurate predictors of anxiety disorders, which makes this screening tool useful in diagnosing clients. The BAI is a useful tool to determine client baselines.
Throughout the course of therapy, the BAI can be helpful for ongoing assessment of the client's symptomatology. Compared to other measures of anxiety, the BAI better discriminates anxiety symptoms from depression. The measure has been validated in other countries, with studies suggesting that the measure is reliable and valid in numerous cultures. While many items tap the somatic symptoms of anxiety, this measure fails to assess other anxiety symptoms that commonly appear in trauma-exposed individuals.
A number of researchers have suggested that the BAI may be tapping more physiological aspects of anxiety such as panic. Given the research suggesting that females score higher than males, separate norms are needed by gender. Psychometric studies involving U. More research is needed involving samples with greater ethnic and socioeconomic diversity.
Below is a sampling of these articles: Al-Issa, I. Beck Anxiety Inventory symptoms in Arab college students. Arab Journal of Psychiatry, 11 1 , The patients were predominantly diagnosed with mood and anxiety disorders, but other nonspecific disorders were also represented. The ethnic composition of the sample is unknown. The manual is: Beck, A. Below is a sampling of these articles:.
Beck Anxiety Inventory. Overview Acronym:. Contact Information:. Domain Assessed:. Subcategories of Domains Assessed:. Age Range:.
Measure Type:. Measure Format:. Number of Items:. Average Time to Complete min :. Reporter Type:. Average Time to Score min :. Response Format:. Materials Needed:. Information Provided:.
Training to Administer:. Training to Interpret:. Parallel Forms:. Alternate Forms:. Different Age Forms:. Altered Version Forms:. Alternative Forms Description:. The Beck Anxiety Inventory for Youth is for use with children aged Notes on Psychometric Norms:. Clinical Cutoffs Description:. References for Reliability:. References for Content Validity:.
Construct Validity:. References for Construct Validity:. They included boys and girls aged who were inpatients at a Midwestern state psychiatric hospital. The comparison group included adolescents aged 14 to 18 from a universityaffiliated high school.
Both groups were predominantly White. BAI scores differentiated between the psychiatric and comparison groups in both boys and girls. Using confirmatory factor analysis they were unable to replicate the 2-factor structure found in other investigations and instead identified a 4-factor structure using exploratory factor analysis. Further analysis identified a higher-order factor structure, which suggested that the BAI taps a single anxiety construct they termed Anxious Arousal.
They suggested the BAI may be a useful screener for anxiety but other measures would be needed to comprehensively assess for anxiety. Principal factor analysis identified 2 factors, with a factor structure similar to what is found in adult outpatients. Jolly et al. Using principal factor analysis they found a similar factor structure as that previously found for adolescent inpatients and adult outpatients.
Scales for both groups had good internal consistencies. They also found similar factor structures for both groups, providing evidence of factorial validity, Although they used the original BDI in this study, they suggested that results would generalize to the BDI-II given the overlap between the two.
They provided norms for the university students and separate norms for males and females because females scored higher than did males. They found good evidence of internal consistency, reliability, and convergent validity, and a similar factor structure as that found in English-speaking samples.
They found good internal consistency and a factor structure similar to that found in English-speaking samples. They compared results to those found in Lebanese and Canadian students and found similar internal consistencies. Arab students scored higher than Canadian students. They found similar factor structures in patient and nonpatient groups. Patient groups scored significantly higher than nonpatients. Criterion Validity:. References for Criterion Validity:.
There is no known information pertaining to Sensitivity and Specificity. Overall Psychometric Limitations:. In general, scoring is based on raw scores although there are T-scores and percentiles available based on Psych Corp's normal sample of community adults.
Research suggests that norms are really needed by age and gender, given age and gender differences found across samples. The measure was developed without incorporating diverse populations.
Translation Quality:. Turkish Yes Yes Yes Yes 9. Arabic Yes Swedish Yes. Population Used for Measure Development:.
Use with Diverse Populations:. Adolescents Yes Yes Yes Yes. This measure is a quick screening measure used to identify anxiety symptoms in individuals. The measure can either be self-reported or orally administered. The 21 questions are accurate predictors of anxiety disorders, which makes this screening tool useful in diagnosing clients. The BAI is a useful tool to determine client baselines. Throughout the course of therapy, the BAI can be helpful for ongoing assessment of the client's symptomatology.
Compared to other measures of anxiety, the BAI better discriminates anxiety symptoms from depression. The measure has been validated in other countries, with studies suggesting that the measure is reliable and valid in numerous cultures.
0コメント